tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39939478211245658782024-03-17T20:03:23.616-07:00Society and CultureSociety is an organized group of people who interact with one another and form a cohesive unit. This definition would include not only human but also animals. The definition of society does not include culture. It is only when we speak of human societies that we refer to the concept of culture. Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger314125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-79125813710611072052024-03-12T08:59:00.000-07:002024-03-12T08:59:02.095-07:00The Complex Nature of ContemptThe word "contempt," along with its synonyms, "disdain" and "scorn," carries an air of sophistication reminiscent of Victorian literature. It encapsulates a negative sentiment that involves deeming someone as inferior. Often intertwined with emotions like anger, hatred, or socio-moral disgust, contempt manifests as a potent force in human interactions.<br /><br />Individuals harboring contempt tend to exhibit a propensity to belittle, criticize, or distance themselves from those whose standards or values they find reprehensible. This inclination fosters an atmosphere of superiority, where one's own beliefs or behaviors are deemed superior to those of others.<br /><br />Research into contempt has predominantly focused on its intrapersonal aspects, exploring both its facial expressions and the relational and moral factors that underlie it. Facial expressions of contempt are often characterized by subtle cues such as narrowed eyes or curled lips, reflecting the disdain felt towards another individual.<br /><br />The repercussions of experiencing contempt can be profound, encompassing physiological stress responses linked to shame and rejection. At a subjective level, individuals subjected to contempt may experience distress and a decline in self-esteem, particularly if ostracized by group members. In intergroup dynamics, contempt can escalate to severe conflicts, possibly leading to confrontations or even violence.<br /><br />Central to understanding contempt is its status as a moral emotion. Unlike other emotions that can arise in response to both moral and amoral events, contempt is primarily triggered by perceived moral transgressions. This moral dimension distinguishes contempt from mere dislike or disapproval, as it entails a judgment of moral inferiority.<br /><br />In conclusion, contempt emerges as a multifaceted emotion with far-reaching implications for interpersonal relationships and societal dynamics. Its complex interplay with other emotions and its moral underpinnings underscore the need for further exploration into its mechanisms and consequences. By unraveling the intricacies of contempt, we can gain deeper insights into human behavior and pave the way for fostering empathy and understanding in our interactions.<br /><i>The Complex Nature of Contempt</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-8121119826065838212024-02-29T08:31:00.000-08:002024-02-29T09:09:19.167-08:00Unveiling the Layers of Functionality: Manifest and Latent Functions in Societal BehaviorIn the realm of sociology, Robert Merton's insights have shed light on the multifaceted nature of human activities, emphasizing that each action can harbor multiple functions, some of which may be obscure or unintended to those involved. This notion of manifest and latent functions unveils the intricate dynamics underlying societal behaviors.<br /><br /><i><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">Manifest functions</span></i>, as elucidated by Merton, represent the apparent effects or outcomes of a particular pattern of behavior, readily discernible to members of society. When individuals engage in an action, their stated reasons typically align with its manifest function, reflecting the acknowledged purpose or value attached to the behavior. For instance, the rituals associated with a funeral in American society serve as a poignant illustration. Here, the manifest function encompasses the disposal of the deceased's body—an ostensibly necessary procedure ingrained in cultural norms and practices.<br /><br />In contrast, <span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><i>latent functions</i></span> delve into the subtler, often overlooked consequences of a behavior, concealed from the conscious awareness of its participants. Despite being less evident, latent functions wield significant influence in shaping social dynamics. Consider the multifaceted nature of funerals in American culture, where participants may be oblivious to the full spectrum of functions at play.<br /><br />If one were to probe individuals partaking in funeral rituals about its functions, they might enumerate the following:<div><i>*Disposal of the deceased</i>: The overt necessity of burying or cremating the body is a primary function acknowledged by participants.<br /><i>*Emotional support</i>: The gathering of friends and relatives offers solace and consolation to the bereaved, providing a crucial support network during times of mourning.<br /><i>*Spiritual facilitation:</i> Religious ceremonies conducted during funerals aim to aid the departed soul in its journey beyond earthly realms, exemplifying a latent function intertwined with cultural and religious beliefs.<br /><i>*Memorialization</i>: Celebrating the achievements and virtues of the deceased serves not only as a form of remembrance but also as a source of comfort for grieving families, encapsulating a latent function that contributes to the collective memory of the departed.<br /><br />Despite their intricacies, these latent functions often elude explicit recognition due to their nuanced nature, operating beneath the surface of conscious awareness. Yet, their impact on social cohesion, cultural practices, and individual well-being remains profound, underscoring the significance of delving beyond the apparent to unravel the layers of functionality embedded within societal behaviors.<br /><i>Unveiling the Layers of Functionality: Manifest and Latent Functions in Societal Behavior<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivtAundD-3MHHMlO62I5dRbOXK14UOJzE_UlvNmI6_nEHWrk9hJ2UrUJcSITQiCz951ljn7301DKF-BrmAYuRyl0MO21A8a6ReLIkEI_N-BEosOvGoQYe1Bx5U8xh9aYqPQwSg9621s9oOnOPmbDrIGO5lUKF068kM6xIWzGAiTU3tiRY8aXeJfexE0Dg/s266/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="266" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivtAundD-3MHHMlO62I5dRbOXK14UOJzE_UlvNmI6_nEHWrk9hJ2UrUJcSITQiCz951ljn7301DKF-BrmAYuRyl0MO21A8a6ReLIkEI_N-BEosOvGoQYe1Bx5U8xh9aYqPQwSg9621s9oOnOPmbDrIGO5lUKF068kM6xIWzGAiTU3tiRY8aXeJfexE0Dg/s1600/1.jpg" width="266" /></a></div></i></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-24150016243947053882024-02-12T21:27:00.000-08:002024-02-12T21:27:34.314-08:00Kalamkari Painting: Andhra's ArtistryAndhra Pradesh, nestled in the southern part of India, boasts a rich cultural heritage that encompasses various art forms and crafts, with Kuchipudi dance, melodious songs, and Kalamkari standing out as prominent examples. Kalamkari, deeply rooted in tradition, holds a special place in the artistic landscape of the region. Originally employed to depict narratives from revered texts like the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Bhagavatam, Kalamkari has evolved into a distinctive form of expression.<br /><br />The term 'Kalamkari' derives its essence from the word ‘kalam,’ meaning pen, signifying the intricate hand-painted designs adorning cloth canvases. Artists meticulously craft these paintings using bamboo or date palm sticks as pens, featuring a pointed end and a bundle of hair serving as a brush. Historically, Kalamkari paintings predominantly utilized vegetable colors, vividly portraying mythological narratives, floral patterns, and depictions of flora and fauna.<br /><br />The creative process behind Kalamkari reflects a profound connection to Andhra Pradesh's natural beauty and architectural marvels. Drawing inspiration from temple architecture, lush landscapes, and local resources, artists infuse their works with a sense of cultural authenticity and spiritual resonance.<br /><br />Two distinct styles of Kalamkari painting, Srikalahasti and Machilipatnam, offer diverse approaches to the craft. Srikalahasti, characterized by freehand drawing, involves treating cotton cloth with mordant before outlining designs with black dye, known as kasami. These outlines are then filled with vibrant hues obtained from natural sources like indigo, mustard yellow, and red, resulting in a visually captivating tapestry of colors and motifs.<br /><br />Conversely, Machilipatnam employs a block-printing technique, wherein intricate patterns are meticulously carved onto wooden blocks, which are then used to stamp designs onto fabric. This method showcases a different aesthetic, marked by precision and geometric intricacy.<br /><br />Kalamkari's enduring legacy lies not only in its aesthetic appeal but also in its role as a custodian of tradition and heritage. Through its vivid imagery and timeless narratives, Kalamkari continues to captivate audiences, serving as a testament to the enduring spirit of artistic expression in Andhra Pradesh.<br /><i>Kalamkari Painting: Andhra's Artistry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZSg4KaVAXTKA111OP03fl6GYqGRBmlZzL8XSDCjL2Se6r2Y0T3jlYwm-ZBQn1vJDOTBx3bjj9cAiY-cBcBmQfs3teFjxWltjG3ydjDWoE_kT0lvIqh8dgMXAWlT-IJq_2d6Nf3-2vl9m0b038jS3oG7MhDhBTjbMdYTyk_Yuuo3yfcFaT61C42Jqomw0/s255/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="198" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZSg4KaVAXTKA111OP03fl6GYqGRBmlZzL8XSDCjL2Se6r2Y0T3jlYwm-ZBQn1vJDOTBx3bjj9cAiY-cBcBmQfs3teFjxWltjG3ydjDWoE_kT0lvIqh8dgMXAWlT-IJq_2d6Nf3-2vl9m0b038jS3oG7MhDhBTjbMdYTyk_Yuuo3yfcFaT61C42Jqomw0/w280-h360/2.jpg" width="280" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-54661786006634151542024-01-27T09:04:00.000-08:002024-01-27T09:04:40.310-08:00Integrated Societal DynamicsAnthropologists, in their quest to comprehend the intricate structures of societies, engage in a profound exploration of the interconnections between institutions and their functions in sustaining the overall social fabric. One crucial aspect of this exploration is functional integration, which involves aligning values with action systems. This process entails prioritizing and appropriately allocating diverse values in various situations and relationships, including an examination of how functions and resources are shared between disabled and nondisabled individuals within a given environment.<br /><br />Metaphorically likened to a biological organism, society exhibits a dynamic nature where interconnected parts contribute uniquely to sustain the entire system. Structural changes within society prompt reactions and compensations among its institutions, creating a continuous and integrated unit.<br /><br />In the context of the United States, anthropologists can analyze the nation's democratic political system, free enterprise economic system, and Judeo-Christian ethic emphasizing hard work, savings, and achievement. This combination forms an integrated unit with a core theme. The emphasis on personal achievement within the Judeo-Christian ethic, for example, plays a pivotal role in discouraging the exploitation of the economic and political freedoms present in American society, fostering a delicate balance.<br /><br />An observation worth noting is that a highly integrated society tends toward equilibrium, with changes in one part inducing corresponding changes elsewhere. For instance, if there were a sudden shift towards a religious outlook emphasizing withdrawal over work or a decline in democratic principles, the effectiveness of the free enterprise system could diminish. Such a scenario might potentially lead to the replacement of the existing socio-political and economic structures, illustrating the delicate interplay between different facets of a society.<br /><br />In summary, anthropologists explore the multifaceted dimensions of society, recognizing its dynamic and interconnected nature. Through the lens of functional integration, they scrutinize the allocation of values and resources, highlighting the importance of balance and equilibrium in sustaining the overall societal framework. The United States serves as an example, showcasing how its integrated political, economic, and ethical systems contribute to the stability and functionality of the society at large.<br /><i>Integrated Societal Dynamics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVEgv0rzvbpmTzeBfJXXDUjrmVk7laLEy9LGxSbyN2AkMxHH2rTlblbqPknLgOjvellNxDEaXM4zoYRGd5NqEb_iCmGjm7c8zGebIV3hm7HkIqBpBteMaM3c2H2JKL73zb4CYWWiiwvwpNQ4p5UpGujFRUpGe_NNowQ7cARBdERPf6EgvozsQcXuAYDMU/s928/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="696" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVEgv0rzvbpmTzeBfJXXDUjrmVk7laLEy9LGxSbyN2AkMxHH2rTlblbqPknLgOjvellNxDEaXM4zoYRGd5NqEb_iCmGjm7c8zGebIV3hm7HkIqBpBteMaM3c2H2JKL73zb4CYWWiiwvwpNQ4p5UpGujFRUpGe_NNowQ7cARBdERPf6EgvozsQcXuAYDMU/w356-h474/1.jpg" width="356" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-10081545534603847042024-01-03T21:20:00.000-08:002024-01-03T21:20:31.630-08:00Tea: A Cultural JourneyTea stands as one of the oldest and globally acknowledged beverages consumed today, with traders and travelers playing a pivotal role in spreading its popularity worldwide. The present tea culture, molded by tradition and influenced by social progress, has taken on diverse forms intricately woven into the social and economic landscape.<br /><br />A compelling feature of tea is its cost-effectiveness and a broad spectrum of flavors. Whether savored alone or shared during social gatherings, the act of tea drinking has transformed into an enjoyable experience. Instances such as the Japanese tea ceremony and the English 4 o'clock tea emphasize tea's importance in diverse cultural traditions.<br /><br />In Japan, the custom of tea gatherings, termed "chadô" or "the way of tea," emerged as a spiritual practice with precisely defined rules, leaving a significant impact on Japan's aesthetic principles. Simultaneously, the United Kingdom observes its own tradition of serving English-style afternoon tea from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m., featuring sandwiches, scones with clotted cream, and preserves.<br /><br />In the remote tea mountains of Xishuangbanna, the Bulong people integrate fresh tea leaves into their daily cuisine, incorporating them into salads, omelets, and various dishes. Additionally, they harvest leaves from tea trees aged up to several centuries to produce Puerh tea, a crucial source of income for them.<br /><br />Tea has seamlessly woven into the fabric of Sri Lankan culture, synonymous with hospitality. Offering tea to guests is a widespread practice in every household, becoming an integral part of festivals and gatherings across the nation. Sri Lankans mark every occasion with a cup of tea, deeming it indispensable in their daily routines.<br /><i>Tea: A Cultural Journey<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOAfkJ-dbgzTsN5FOvF4J-7goklDsuqjRM1DWxJQn6kt06eICtySL8Hhi2ENT4uUDzop71I-NF3P5pxqD5HfdeiHlLMiuRaKgd_EJziEe0Ou8QNinynQ-2V8ZtGHVBbwBjDGKuAUCCYhEmf1Zb1IJWCvtbsGKH4SfiwB322VSCO27tvnlNs_GDGApBdVo/s1139/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="914" data-original-width="1139" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOAfkJ-dbgzTsN5FOvF4J-7goklDsuqjRM1DWxJQn6kt06eICtySL8Hhi2ENT4uUDzop71I-NF3P5pxqD5HfdeiHlLMiuRaKgd_EJziEe0Ou8QNinynQ-2V8ZtGHVBbwBjDGKuAUCCYhEmf1Zb1IJWCvtbsGKH4SfiwB322VSCO27tvnlNs_GDGApBdVo/w399-h320/1.jpg" width="399" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-80426708028615378282023-08-14T21:48:00.006-07:002023-08-14T21:48:44.278-07:00Bolshevism IdeologyBolshevism constitutes a political ideology and governance structure deeply rooted in communism. It entails the establishment of a strongly centralized and closely united revolutionary party with the primary goal of toppling the existing capitalist government. Put simply, it advocates for the forceful elimination of capitalism through the guiding principles upheld by the Bolsheviks.<br /><br />Having its origins in early 20th century Russia, Bolshevism emerged within the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin. This faction of radical communists, referred to as the Bolsheviks (meaning 'majority'), came into being following a division from the more moderate Mensheviks (meaning 'minority') during the 1903 Party Congress.<br /><br />At the core of the Bolshevik belief system was the conviction that the working classes would eventually liberate themselves from the economic and political supremacy of the ruling upper class. This liberation would pave the path for the establishment of an equalitarian socialist society. The Bolshevik movement received substantial support from the working class due to factors spanning politics, economics, and society.<br /><br />In due course, the Bolsheviks transformed into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Their ascent to power in Russia occurred through the October Revolution phase of the 1917 Russian Revolution, leading to the founding of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.<br /><i>Bolshevism Ideology<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4b9r7x1jFz8ONrDYHZm7sHw5-_roUqpWbumyhaOXMHoCuNnPn6nwUgY8N2qSLZe7hMt6vyNb6elLaaldK1egcxwNB3XCyp7oyCUR_mX5i26yw7JO8cXRZ0YMLcOESasipI3xBafCfiGmpCGMYNod4LOuos4F9XjxSszFb4w8Bor5U0Kf4L9hnBnNM9E/s1630/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1630" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4b9r7x1jFz8ONrDYHZm7sHw5-_roUqpWbumyhaOXMHoCuNnPn6nwUgY8N2qSLZe7hMt6vyNb6elLaaldK1egcxwNB3XCyp7oyCUR_mX5i26yw7JO8cXRZ0YMLcOESasipI3xBafCfiGmpCGMYNod4LOuos4F9XjxSszFb4w8Bor5U0Kf4L9hnBnNM9E/s320/1.jpg" width="236" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f7f7f8; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b><i>Vladimir Lenin</i></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-28838136720373769422023-07-20T19:50:00.003-07:002023-07-20T19:50:25.743-07:00Bakhtiari Land and PeopleBakhtiari land is situated between 31° and 16 min north of Ramhormoz and 33° and 22 min north of Aligudarz in the eastern Lorestan Province, according to geographical coordinates.<br /><br />There are conflicting beliefs concerning the origins of the Bakhtiari people. Some argue that they are Aryans and present evidence to support this stance, while others claim that they are immigrant tribes who entered Bakhtiari land from the west of Iran (Syria) since the fifth century.<br /><br />The Bakhtiaris lead a semi-nomadic lifestyle, depending on their herds of sheep, cattle, and horses for sustenance. Throughout the year, they participate in two migratory periods known as 'spring migration' and 'autumn migration.' During the spring migration, they move from their winter rangelands, known as "qishlaq," to the summer rangelands, called "yaylak." In the autumn migration, they return from the summer rangelands to the winter rangeland grounds. The duration of migration varies among nomadic tribes.<br /><br />Like other nomads in Iran, Bakhtiari nomadic tribes have devised indigenous solutions for grazing and pasture management, ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of pastures during migration. However, this ancient way of life is rapidly disappearing, with many Bakhtiari choosing to leave the mountains entirely. Those who remain often rely on trucks or tractors to transport their animals and belongings.<br /><br />Scholars hold different viewpoints on the etymology of the Bakhtiari language. Some believe it originated from ancient Persian, while others claim its roots lie in the Pahlavi language. It is part of a group of Persian dialects stretching geographically along the mountain tract from Pusht-e-Kuh in the west to the Kuhgiluyeh and Mamasani territories in the east. The language remains mostly unaffected by the influx of Arabic words, bearing a close resemblance to old Persian. The primary religion followed by both the nomadic and sedentary Bakhtiaris is Shia Islam, which they practice devotedly.<br /><br />Within this community, women play a significant role in preserving customs and maintaining family bonds. Due to their challenging lifestyle, women actively engage in various aspects, including physical work and even participating in fighting, all while fulfilling their roles as mothers and wives.<br /><br />Marriage and its various ceremonies in the Bakhtiari tribe serve not only as religious traditions to preserve their heritage but also as a means of creating, expanding, and maintaining social connections among families and individuals within the Bakhtiari tribe.<br /><i>Bakhtiari Land and People<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeGaXBSRuZKaU5ipL8bWdtuVwuuXIPOvm5rqM-FyuG_BaXzm8UmJwlI5qFefudb1ah_IYUzRQ9ER6G0eI6CUXdfq-OLId9-sn_XWHPcyEhlar9jGHX7VqbpnfqhKKPfJmdZwnh9j0rMz9R2VwRsOIp_2ycdTOCN-hHfogmOdPDj_jpzZ2ZWVoz15tbu0Q/s550/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="550" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeGaXBSRuZKaU5ipL8bWdtuVwuuXIPOvm5rqM-FyuG_BaXzm8UmJwlI5qFefudb1ah_IYUzRQ9ER6G0eI6CUXdfq-OLId9-sn_XWHPcyEhlar9jGHX7VqbpnfqhKKPfJmdZwnh9j0rMz9R2VwRsOIp_2ycdTOCN-hHfogmOdPDj_jpzZ2ZWVoz15tbu0Q/w424-h282/1.jpg" width="424" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-44427128420093120072023-06-25T23:52:00.005-07:002023-06-25T23:52:23.568-07:00What is mithridatism?Mithridatism is the production of immunity against the action of a poison by gradually self-administering non-lethal amounts. This immunity is acquired via the repetitive and progressively increasing intake of these harmful substances. <br /><br />This practice can be attested some herpetologists who claim that they have built up immunity to the bites of certain snakes. <br /><br />The word is derived from Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus. As Mithridates grew older, he sought to fortify himself against assassination attempts. He exercised to increase his strength, carried a weapon, and dabbled with toxicology. Mithridates came across a paradox: lethal toxic substances can be beneficial when ingested in microscopic doses. <br /><br />Mithridates regularly ingested small doses of poison, aiming to develop immunity against it, to become poison resistant: this practice, now called mithridatism, is named after him. <br /><br />Having been defeated by Pompey, legend has it that Mithridates tried to commit suicide using poison but failed because of his immunity and so had to resort to having a mercenary run him through with his sword. After his death, he became known as Mithridates the Great.<br /><b>What is mithridatism?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGURh5_YhJyhUfJPHoCKuXnjHY69f5rYT5f9bExoiX9vAdjE8D9CHPVWRRBBKRSe9u9xwXq1PMZlvVevB66KdC2pelhP8jkHUE2c4i1UkZ-X_t2KmYWQL_DmfyLS0UwNl83KZJSsJusN5mK_qGPpCLEOs2mES1TQedAM1PjtltJBJNOaoYIEmfYWFP3dw/s350/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGURh5_YhJyhUfJPHoCKuXnjHY69f5rYT5f9bExoiX9vAdjE8D9CHPVWRRBBKRSe9u9xwXq1PMZlvVevB66KdC2pelhP8jkHUE2c4i1UkZ-X_t2KmYWQL_DmfyLS0UwNl83KZJSsJusN5mK_qGPpCLEOs2mES1TQedAM1PjtltJBJNOaoYIEmfYWFP3dw/s320/1.jpg" width="274" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-13376838917496293712023-05-29T21:25:00.005-07:002023-05-29T21:25:42.999-07:00Concept of FeudalismFeudalism can be broadly defined as a social and political system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land, known as a fiefdom or fief, in exchange for service or labor. <br /><br />Feudalism prevailed in the Middle Ages in Europe and Japan and generally involved a lord (the landowner) allowing vassals (tenants) to rent the land by providing services, especially military service. <br /><br />A lord was in broad terms a noble who held land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and a fief was what the land was known as. <br /><br />The serfs are the lowest stratum in the society. They had neither the land of their own, nor they were independent. They worked in the land given to them by their Lord. <br /><br />The peasant serf's working time was divided into necessary and surplus time. During the necessary time, the peasant created the product necessary for his own existence and the existence of his family. During the surplus time he created the surplus product which was appropriated by the lord. The surplus labor of the peasant who worked on the lord's demesne, or the surplus product created by the peasant in his own holding and appropriated by the lord, constitute feudal land-rent. <br /><br />Serfs were not free to work elsewhere or go wherever they pleased—if the land passed from one owner to another, the serfs were then required to work the land for that new owner. And they were required to get the lord’s permission to do just about anything, including getting married or traveling off of the land. <br /><br />In 12th-century England, the king was the absolute “owner” of land in the feudal system, and all nobles, knights, and other tenants, termed vassals, merely “held” land from the king, who was thus at the top of the feudal pyramid.<br /><b>Concept of Feudalism<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdaiqwDBpjDpfj-Y2H1sCpkE4n_8B8sBDrcJQaE8WguBIahZrP8qWsZRCyg74lSHMN4vFOJX1Dah8yxQY1pGE0NfVchzLFiwXrR1ns7OB73ePqhbRBv8xZ2WVb99SMv8XCvRRN0Qv-cHOXjBWVFIiaW0Cw5tQkxwUzE0P2koZJ4exVFIBcf79NZIt2/s1440/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1222" data-original-width="1440" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdaiqwDBpjDpfj-Y2H1sCpkE4n_8B8sBDrcJQaE8WguBIahZrP8qWsZRCyg74lSHMN4vFOJX1Dah8yxQY1pGE0NfVchzLFiwXrR1ns7OB73ePqhbRBv8xZ2WVb99SMv8XCvRRN0Qv-cHOXjBWVFIiaW0Cw5tQkxwUzE0P2koZJ4exVFIBcf79NZIt2/w450-h382/1.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-7140191050647014902023-05-17T07:41:00.001-07:002023-05-17T07:41:00.339-07:00Paleo-Indians of AmericaPrehistoric North America was home to a numerous and diverse array of peoples, languages, religions, and cultures. The earliest groups in the Americas are referred to as Paleo-Indians. <br /><br />Paleo-Indians, the first people migrating to North America after the last post-glacial era originally came from Asia and reached Alaska and the Yukon around 12,000 B.C. <br /><br />They first entered into the New World at the close of the last Ice Age and ends around 10,000 years ago when the climate began to warm quickly. Much of the Bering Sea, which separates Siberia from Alaska, is shallow and therefore this area became dry land allowing travel between continents. <br /><br />From ≈11,200 to 8,000 years ago, the Great Plains of North America were populated by small Paleoindian hunting groups with well-developed weaponry and the expertise to successfully hunt large mammals, especially mammoths and bison. <br /><br />Paleo-Indians soon learned (8000 years ago) to hunt bison in the prairies, and they used the fur and skin to build shelters and make warm clothes. Dried bison meat was also kept for winter food and for trading. Snowshoes were made for hunting bison in the wintertime. <br /><br />Artifacts (Gainey-style fluted point) from Paleo-Indians in Southern Ontario and Michigan go back as early as 9000 B.C. They were hunting caribou and perhaps even mammoth and mastodon since a spruce and pine Boreal Forest had grown in the area. <br /><br />Changes in the global climate helped to bring the Paleo-Indian period to an end. The Paleo-Indians were replaced by the specialized hunter-gatherer cultures or Indians. <br /><br />The Indians dominated North American until they were essentially replaced by the Europeans in the east around the early 1700's and in the west around the middle 1800's.<br /><b>Paleo-Indians of America</b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-29654894366508674902023-05-02T03:55:00.003-07:002023-05-02T03:55:14.406-07:00Concept of ObjectivismObjectivism is a philosophical system developed by Russian-American writer and philosopher Ayn Rand. She described it as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute". <br /><br />Who was Ayn Rand? Ayn Rand (1905–1982) was a novelist-philosopher who outlined a comprehensive philosophy, including an epistemology and a theory of art, in her novels and essays. <br /><br />Rand described Objectivism as “a philosophy for living on earth.” The reason why it is a philosophy for living on Earth is that its every principle is derived from the observable facts of reality and the demonstrable requirements of human life and happiness. <br /><br />Her novels “The Fountainhead” (1943) and “Atlas Shrugged” (1957) both depict her vision of how man can live life the fullest, how man can be ideal in every sense, and which character traits, values, and ideals he has to possess to be regarded as such. However, also in her essays the interested person can find ideas and concepts directly related to the ideal man. <br /><br />Objectivism emphasizes only objective criteria of evaluation and eliminates any subjective evaluation. Objective approaches are based on reasonable expectations and external signs of the act. The objective theory stresses that the intentions of the parties should be ascertained from their words and conduct rather than from their unexpressed intentions.<br /><b>Concept of Objectivism<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikEsTdrOsbEOrwwuSISJ781TMjnUDGSoKpLLRnyGc8qRHR_Qtg9VvGCi_e6FK9TMqIu8__VuUYvfmre5VgdBPFmp8FzyUUg1m1-ejxKhfbytDaVHtjUrSzCxU1xE_LKBciuaFBdwM8y2ErLG7HOI-uhY4PwzKX-XEaXn6xqO6PpFUkLlpA_tHG4dcq/s643/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="643" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikEsTdrOsbEOrwwuSISJ781TMjnUDGSoKpLLRnyGc8qRHR_Qtg9VvGCi_e6FK9TMqIu8__VuUYvfmre5VgdBPFmp8FzyUUg1m1-ejxKhfbytDaVHtjUrSzCxU1xE_LKBciuaFBdwM8y2ErLG7HOI-uhY4PwzKX-XEaXn6xqO6PpFUkLlpA_tHG4dcq/w444-h292/1.jpg" width="444" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-32458035129741367772023-03-22T22:25:00.007-07:002023-03-22T22:26:14.709-07:00Dark ages in EuropeThe Middle Ages are divided into three time periods- the Early Middle Ages, or the dark ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages. The term ‘The Dark Ages‘ refers to the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance: the 5th – 14th centuries. <br /><br />The concept of a “Dark Age” originated in the 1330s with the Italian scholar and historian, Francesco Petrarca, who regarded the post-Roman Centuries as “dark” compared to the “light” of classical antiquity. The classical era was rich with apparent cultural advancement. Both Roman and Greek civilizations had provided the world with contributions to art, science, philosophy, architecture and political systems. <br /><br />The American Cyclopaedia of 1883 stated that The Dark Ages is a term applied in its widest sense to that period of intellectual depression in the history of Europe from the establishment of the barbarian supremacy in the fifth century to the revival of learning about the beginning of the fifteenth, thus nearly corresponding in extent with the ‘Middle Ages'. <br /><br />After the collapse of Rome, Western Europe entered a period of political, social, and economic decline. The Dark Ages reflects the ill-consequences of this set back. From about 500 to 1000, invaders swept across the region, trade declined, towns emptied, and classical learning halted. Many Roman roads and aqueducts that were used to carry people, goods, and water began to fall apart. <br /><br />Over time, trade declined in northern Europe. During the time of the Roman Empire, there had been lively trade among the northern outposts in Europe and northern Africa, as well as the eastern Mediterranean regions. <br /><br />Christianity was in decline, literacy was lost, cities were abandoned, and population declined. In general, life was pretty miserable and dangerous for most people. It was during this time that Feudalism emerged in Europe. Feudalism is both a social structure and a political system. Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords. In exchange, these lesser lords, or vassals, pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord. <br /><br />Most people survived by farming or soldiering. Without a central government to pay for big public buildings or ships, artisans could not practice their skills.<br /><b>Dark ages in Europe<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrJ1Z-yrFQvcj8kww35WBPtjzJqsSgdcSpblzZ50k3KYMulkpg27s65_AzVJF7FE8aP73wf_r7HLyL0GbQey2ZxUtavB7RdtN9oFzxQMxlWHhRSf3vV0fvH8MsJlplxyybHHe1b-Siy6SKZ0zFw-90MlAeII8tH7ArjYg9NRUvi5Cp3oWRsxdGwYM_/s1245/2023-03-23.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="1245" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrJ1Z-yrFQvcj8kww35WBPtjzJqsSgdcSpblzZ50k3KYMulkpg27s65_AzVJF7FE8aP73wf_r7HLyL0GbQey2ZxUtavB7RdtN9oFzxQMxlWHhRSf3vV0fvH8MsJlplxyybHHe1b-Siy6SKZ0zFw-90MlAeII8tH7ArjYg9NRUvi5Cp3oWRsxdGwYM_/w486-h231/2023-03-23.png" width="486" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-64221150746355496302023-02-12T05:51:00.003-08:002023-02-12T05:51:24.622-08:00Theory of CollectivismCollectivism is a political theory associated with communism, where the system of ownership and control of the means of production by the people collectively, usually under the supervision of a government. <br /><br />Collectivism — closely related to the word collection — has to do with political theories that put the group before the individual. In a collectivist system, power should be in the hands of the people as a whole, not in the hands of a few powerful folks. <br /><br />In the business organization or companies which have a collectivist work culture focus on the needs of the group rather than focusing on the needs of individual employees. This creates loyalty and collaboration among staff members, though there may be some areas of improvement for a collectivist culture. <br /><br />Collectivism stresses the importance of the community and put more emphasis on common goals, which means they work together to achieve goals that help the community. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. <br /><br />Collectivistic cultures emphasize personality traits and attributes like cohesion, harmony, duty, interdependence, achievement of group goals, and conflict avoidance. The people are considered "good" if they are generous, helpful, dependable, and attentive to the needs of others.<br /><b>Theory of Collectivism<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsAchMhFseBBPoUjCTtsZGYoLrKWHbqUGCVH70vfY9BP7bxbMUkkAtBQ0KphFZpnnz92zWmef2XmXa25kujredrdkxfp2fCmrXg_IdDVnPvc5pmsAdZzfVOGXOSUmfA8rpXC2wHu2J4m02zgnlMdE3dnUJnKPtx2ZIamxCfiXd2rtBsRIlkVypEvv7/s800/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsAchMhFseBBPoUjCTtsZGYoLrKWHbqUGCVH70vfY9BP7bxbMUkkAtBQ0KphFZpnnz92zWmef2XmXa25kujredrdkxfp2fCmrXg_IdDVnPvc5pmsAdZzfVOGXOSUmfA8rpXC2wHu2J4m02zgnlMdE3dnUJnKPtx2ZIamxCfiXd2rtBsRIlkVypEvv7/w484-h322/1.jpg" width="484" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-53683468366639275952023-01-14T20:24:00.006-08:002023-01-14T20:24:52.765-08:00Kora – musical instrumentThe kora is a stringed instrument, like a combination between the lute and the harp, with a classical guitar-like sound quality, played throughout Senegal and elsewhere in West Africa. It is constructed from a hide-covered calabash gourd resonator and a long hardwood neck. <br /><br />A kora typically has 21 strings, which are played by plucking with the fingers eleven played by the left hand and ten by the right. In ancient times the strings were traditionally made from thin strips of animal hide <br /><br />Twenty-one leather or nylon strings are attached to the top of the neck with leather tuning rings. The strings pass over a notched bridge (10 strings on one side of the bridge, 11 on the other) and are anchored to the bottom of the neck with a metal ring.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyqqg231WNB0fMGrgD5IuVupSqLjhAb3NWsZSUrRuJiI9x_yejjWRCs4hYEjerjXjHoZTsqdGH8CXaTKmff3dDc4LxeH3jZbGg1z7r6oL-DFStBrqrT7CfPwCiDrfZkXkPfGU9isIQTFPmknePVFR10Nrt0QbrCjBmCojtjYzMeNuoprdeb6CE0RWc/s599/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="599" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyqqg231WNB0fMGrgD5IuVupSqLjhAb3NWsZSUrRuJiI9x_yejjWRCs4hYEjerjXjHoZTsqdGH8CXaTKmff3dDc4LxeH3jZbGg1z7r6oL-DFStBrqrT7CfPwCiDrfZkXkPfGU9isIQTFPmknePVFR10Nrt0QbrCjBmCojtjYzMeNuoprdeb6CE0RWc/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The sound of a kora resembles that of a harp characteristic of flamenco and delta blues guitar techniques. The play the kora, the performer uses only the thumb and index finger of both hands to pluck the strings. <br /><br />Historically its twenty-one strings were made from thin strips of finely twisted antelope hide. Since the early 1950s, nylon fishing line has been used instead because it resists changes in weather, does not easily break, and yields a good sound. <br /><br />The Gambia River valley is one of the main centres for the playing of this instrument. The kora has been played for at least 200 years in West Africa. It is traditionally associated with minstrels, and played to accompany narrative songs.<br /><b>Kora – musical instrument<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_RpdqyYSFkdHvbPV5BCYz3hMsU8vA-6AVWeeiS0C2QI1s0EqhnE9tfc1oUkK_8xRaIJdfqHN8r9GL7GS-C_Y-8l3FTLO-0fZEAlABvZGwafMpibxPdCjd2HjwLh2_AyQao50OjWOCJlKbBfJNFqPZQ5LFfCZIwD9iBvrB7QhyhGynquqpVgsXauf/s683/2023-01-15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="683" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_RpdqyYSFkdHvbPV5BCYz3hMsU8vA-6AVWeeiS0C2QI1s0EqhnE9tfc1oUkK_8xRaIJdfqHN8r9GL7GS-C_Y-8l3FTLO-0fZEAlABvZGwafMpibxPdCjd2HjwLh2_AyQao50OjWOCJlKbBfJNFqPZQ5LFfCZIwD9iBvrB7QhyhGynquqpVgsXauf/s320/2023-01-15.png" width="320" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-82727465385301620572022-11-30T17:51:00.003-08:002022-11-30T17:51:37.703-08:00Basketmaker culture of the pre-Ancestral Puebloans"Pueblo" is a Spanish term meaning "village" or "town." This word is used both to describe a style of building (adobe-and-stone pueblo) and to refer to specific groups of American Indians who live in pueblos and come from an agricultural tradition. The Basketmaker culture of the pre-Ancestral Puebloans began about 1500 BC and continued until about AD 750. <br /><br />In this first major period they are called the Basketmaker Puebloans because of their highly refined basket making. They used yucca, apocynum, bark and other plant fiber to make things like sandals and baskets to store food. <br /><br />In the Mesa Verde region, Basketmaker peoples settled mostly in the western and eastern borderlands. For these peoples, baskets were commonly used to gather, store, cook, and serve food; or as water containers when lined with clay to create waterproof bowls. Actually, baskets were used as molds for some of the earliest pots. <br /><br />The Basketmakers who lived to the west (called the "Western Basketmakers") are thought by some archaeologists to have been the descendants of Archaic peoples who migrated to the area from southern Arizona. Those who lived to the east (called the "Eastern Basketmakers") may have been descendants of the original Archaic inhabitants of the Colorado Plateau. <br /><br />Pueblo people living in the Mesa Verde region during this time had not yet learned how to make pottery vessels. Instead, they used other kinds of containers, including baskets made of woven plant materials. <br /><br />In the second major Ancient cultural period, beginning around A.D. 750, they are called the Pueblo People. They began to settle down, rely even more on agriculture, and stay in one place much longer. They gathered together in larger and larger communities. For more than 700 years they and their descendants lived and flourished here, eventually building elaborate stone communities in the sheltered alcoves of the canyon walls. Then, in the late A.D. 1200s, in the span of a generation or two, they left their homes and moved away.<br /><b>Basketmaker culture of the pre-Ancestral Puebloans<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim9MIUw4vhTJiVDXO2WWWr-u6e3Su6ZAKeTrfvjJTsKjTCgCoinTLclhrh8sAGJn4p9VYn4gEUnxk6bj__bJ57eRp37PdzF8BlAc2v7K9O09XeOTaJnUO6c7-6ZjCtN2xJa__Hd3XRej_jgtEGuP3B3WUupbvByF3kMir1WwSMwRQZHO68JQW08BjQ/s1920/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1920" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim9MIUw4vhTJiVDXO2WWWr-u6e3Su6ZAKeTrfvjJTsKjTCgCoinTLclhrh8sAGJn4p9VYn4gEUnxk6bj__bJ57eRp37PdzF8BlAc2v7K9O09XeOTaJnUO6c7-6ZjCtN2xJa__Hd3XRej_jgtEGuP3B3WUupbvByF3kMir1WwSMwRQZHO68JQW08BjQ/w493-h246/1.jpg" width="493" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-50126963015271111432022-11-08T19:24:00.002-08:002022-11-08T19:24:25.449-08:00Japanese tea ceremonyJapanese tea ceremony is a ceremonial way of preparing and drinking green tea typically in a traditional tearoom with tatami floor. The ceremony takes place in a tea house (cha-shitsu), which ideally is a small structure detached from the main house. Beyond just serving and receiving tea, one of the main purposes of the tea ceremony is for the guests to enjoy the hospitality of the host in an atmosphere distinct from the fast pace of everyday life. The tea ceremony represents purity, tranquility, respect and harmony and a lot of preparation goes into this important event. <br /><br />The tradition of the Japanese tea ceremony is linked to Buddhism and it dates to the 9th century when it was taken by the Buddhist monk on his return from China. In Japan it became a status symbol among the warrior class and it started to evolve its own aesthetic. <br /><br />The tea ceremony —or, directly translated, the "way of tea"—is in many ways a microcosm of the Japanese traditional sense of omotenashi, which translates as to look after guests wholeheartedly. <br /><br />In the tea ceremony, every movement, every step and every moment is precisely defined. The matcha tea ceremony takes place in a designated room precisely four and a half mats in size (a tatami mat made of rice straw covers 170×85 cm or ten square feet). <br /><br />Formal tea ceremony is a multi-hour event that starts with a kaiseki course meal, is followed by a bowl of thick tea and ends with a bowl of thin tea. <br /><br />Every object used in the ritual is ritually cleansed, including the tea scoop, the whisk and the tea bowl. Every utensil is symbolic, and the ceremony takes place according to a specific principle. Bows are exchanged and then the first guest is given a bowl of tea. They take a sip, compliment the host on the tea, bow and then wipe the rim and pass it along to the second guest.<br /><b>Japanese tea ceremony<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSopfcuzmVNjgdPYVN2URkbfpSOHN4j7wP8dL5-B5fkEoKMzv-hL6KYLoJ-UpgzeTNXE0iEuKJNwA5YtXqvDmvVVdn_X1wtkOMvhOcJalWiwM9_u0GPC6qHpSq-EjZnWqhf0kCQEIpgXLt-K4QkF5rY388YR3VRfKFSK01dE6kcpL7CM9EPh8wSqHp/s323/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="323" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSopfcuzmVNjgdPYVN2URkbfpSOHN4j7wP8dL5-B5fkEoKMzv-hL6KYLoJ-UpgzeTNXE0iEuKJNwA5YtXqvDmvVVdn_X1wtkOMvhOcJalWiwM9_u0GPC6qHpSq-EjZnWqhf0kCQEIpgXLt-K4QkF5rY388YR3VRfKFSK01dE6kcpL7CM9EPh8wSqHp/w452-h354/1.jpg" width="452" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-83731866965395890582022-09-28T21:44:00.003-07:002022-09-28T21:44:58.320-07:00The BerbersBerbers are the indigenous inhabitants of the North African littoral, isolated from the rest of Africa by the Sahara Desert. Periods of control by the Carthage and Roman empires were interspersed with the establishment of Berber kingdoms. <br /><br />The Berbers are known to have been in North Africa at least in 3000 B.C. They are thought to have come across northern Africa. Other waves of Berber immigration came in the 3rd and 11th centuries. Some Berbers trace their lineage to Yeme <br /><br />They are the dominant race group in Morocco. In addition, there are Berber settlements in Algeria, Tunisia, Canary Islands, Libya, and Egypt <br /><br />They speak various Amazigh languages belonging to the Afro-Asiatic family related to ancient Egyptian. There are around three hundred local dialects among the scattered Berber populations. <br /><br />Among the Berber languages are Tarifit or Riffi in northern Morocco, Kabyle in Algeria and Tashelhiyt in central Morocco. Tamazight has been a written language, on and off, for almost 3,000 years. <br /><br />One common denominator between Berbers and Arabs is faith. Most Berbers are Muslims, but their faith is mixed with traditional practices. They are mostly Sunni Muslims. Arabs are also Muslims. <br /><br />Berbers are often portrayed as nomadic people crossing the desert on camels, but most are farmers in the mountains and valleys throughout northern Africa.<br /><b>The Berbers</b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghaq7dcPR2qZgdF2gq9Az3JhxX1m1ZRPg1JDpXGfkX-_GHlOHAiOMyxYXnrlheiu2Beqq58IUfKIokwlNvi7rEtJNJdq-AnXVUTqInmo9Bg4pVO4lDqzA3YCiJuYWpYdNOoxzDC4s3o8Gx4QzHeJ2sM6nffjfJmJG--m9h87EFyKPdQcuRbKVCJa2R/s382/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="382" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghaq7dcPR2qZgdF2gq9Az3JhxX1m1ZRPg1JDpXGfkX-_GHlOHAiOMyxYXnrlheiu2Beqq58IUfKIokwlNvi7rEtJNJdq-AnXVUTqInmo9Bg4pVO4lDqzA3YCiJuYWpYdNOoxzDC4s3o8Gx4QzHeJ2sM6nffjfJmJG--m9h87EFyKPdQcuRbKVCJa2R/w484-h310/1.jpg" width="484" /></a></div><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-49030511813252304972022-08-25T08:04:00.000-07:002022-08-25T08:04:00.653-07:00What is social anxiety disorder?Social anxiety disorder is a common type of anxiety disorder. People with social anxiety disorder or social phobia experience intense fear and anxiety when they feel that they are the subject of attention. They may understand that their fears are irrational or unreasonable, but feel powerless to overcome them. <br /><br />For such people, everyday social situations such as attending a conference or meeting at work, making a presentation, attending a wedding or a party, or going out for a meal with friends, can trigger severe anxiety. Doing everyday things, such as eating or drinking in front of others or using a public restroom, also may cause anxiety or fear due to concerns about being humiliated, judged, and rejected. <br /><br />In some people with social anxiety disorder, the fear is limited to one or two particular situations, like speaking in public or initiating a conversation. Others are very anxious and afraid of any social situation. <br /><br />Social interaction may cause the following physical symptoms:<br />*Blush or tremble<br />*Feelings of shyness or discomfort<br />*Excessive sweating<br />*Rapid heart rate<br />*Feel their “mind going blank,” or feel sick to their stomach<br />*Have a rigid body posture, or speak with an overly soft voice<br />*Feel self-consciousness or fear that people will judge them negatively<br />*Dizziness or lightheadedness<br />*Avoid places where there are other people<br />*Find it difficult to make eye contact<br />*Intense fear of interacting or talking with strangers <br /><br />In social anxiety disorder, fear and anxiety lead to avoidance that can disrupt patient’s life. Severe stress can affect his relationships, daily routines, work, school or other activities. <br /><br />Some of the factors that can cause social anxiety disorder are:<br />*Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse<br />*Family history<br />*Past experiences<br />*Bullying or teasing by peers<br />*Childhood traits<br />*Maternal stress during pregnancy or infancy<br /><b>What is social anxiety disorder?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWGJ40yZHKTTuv4HOcSVjsNXYBEKkVxbea5nhP5cOGdqFT1x_8F9MdtFP_1HHyYLF8TIdDNB5T6dO4Lbhq_3Zr6DglbYJD7sHybYcBLV42eYhmkhn16JaLkNcQ9HBg621DGXtr1M1HSi5G0rI9bpyK3IpYmNpS9iVZXpV7LU96sxuVXUSOtWACFxS1/s1140/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="1140" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWGJ40yZHKTTuv4HOcSVjsNXYBEKkVxbea5nhP5cOGdqFT1x_8F9MdtFP_1HHyYLF8TIdDNB5T6dO4Lbhq_3Zr6DglbYJD7sHybYcBLV42eYhmkhn16JaLkNcQ9HBg621DGXtr1M1HSi5G0rI9bpyK3IpYmNpS9iVZXpV7LU96sxuVXUSOtWACFxS1/w473-h236/1.jpg" width="473" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-10588498801856756122022-07-27T03:36:00.007-07:002022-07-27T03:36:59.860-07:00Kurdish peopleThe Kurds (Kurdish: کورد ,Kurd) or Kurdish people are indigenous to the Middle East. Their roots are trace back to the Medes of ancient Persia more than 2,500 years ago. <br /><br />They inhabit the Kurdistan region which includes parts of Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria. Kurds were mostly nomadic until the end of World War I and the breakup of the Ottoman Empire. <br /><br />The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million living in different regions of the world. Kurds make up about 10% of the population in Syria, 19% of the population of Turkey, 15-20% of the population of Iraq and are one of the largest ethnic minorities in Iran. <br /><br />Kurds speak the Kurdish languages and the Zaza–Gorani languages, which belong to the Western Iranian branch of the Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. They are a multilingual people and speak two or more languages. Generally, they speak Kurdish as well as the language of the nation where they are from, such as, Arabic, Persian, or Turkish. <br /><br />The Kurds are tribal people and many of them lived, until recently, a nomadic lifestyle in the mountainous regions of Turkey. Their way of life revolving around sheep and goat herding throughout the Mesopotamian plains and the highlands of Turkey and Iran. Most Kurds practiced only marginal agriculture. <br /><br />Most Kurds are Sunni Muslims, but there are minorities of Shia Muslims also living in regions like Kermanshah Province and llam, Iran. Among them are many who practice Sufism and other mystical sects.<br /><b>Kurdish people<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDfFH2t9QPSJYiZQ_cuvcXHZ3Rw4IbB8vqpQnMlMA5dE9paKdbXdehM9pZK3erkbTZu01TobQ-i0y67CcBctvXyxyaQgQUKwTRFrrxvFLv_RdRVsKHZcbd_wIp51kJB7dvnV7voqlu9gywTS77nqwvpiwJMH5-h2ruEG84zFrxPy6xht8CdN3OT6nN/s861/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="861" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDfFH2t9QPSJYiZQ_cuvcXHZ3Rw4IbB8vqpQnMlMA5dE9paKdbXdehM9pZK3erkbTZu01TobQ-i0y67CcBctvXyxyaQgQUKwTRFrrxvFLv_RdRVsKHZcbd_wIp51kJB7dvnV7voqlu9gywTS77nqwvpiwJMH5-h2ruEG84zFrxPy6xht8CdN3OT6nN/w435-h276/1.jpg" width="435" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-74412593060237267512022-06-28T23:30:00.002-07:002022-06-28T23:30:12.517-07:00Circassians peopleThe ethnic group, who also self-identify as the Adyghe, come from the North Caucasus region and the northeast shore of the Black Sea. It's an area in the southwest of Russia. It was the German physiologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach who first came up with the idea of the ‘Caucasian race’, which he named after the geographical area in which the Circassians lived before their ethnic cleansing. <br /><br />They're predominantly Sunni Muslim of the Hanafi school. Today, only a minority of Circassians live in their divided ancestral homeland, mainly in three republics of the Russian Federation (Kabardino Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygheya). The majority of Circassians were forced to flee their homeland in 1864, following the 19th century Russian conquest of the Caucasus and have never been able to return. <br /><br />Many hundreds of thousands were killed or deported to the neighboring Ottoman Empire, where most settled in Turkey, and others made their way to the Balkans and elsewhere in the Middle East. <br /><br />The Circassians were warlike people. Grown men were expected to carry arms, and boys trained to be warriors. Familial ties were not strongly encouraged; parents fostered their children to other adults rather than raising them themselves. <br /><br />Circassians now live in almost 40 different countries including Turkey, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, the United States and several European countries.<br /><b>Circassians people<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_15Uxrw1DgAEonLB9O8smtSzN29JEPFNR3tuJMc3xPzwc-RtRgWUuRxa6RMDenEutD8PGBAlGZA0EWtnu50PL5vFhSIZlwlrZEDLg9H_v4t6-VHsT4Em5Z5IbTvvD_iK6vmjAP8WmTnYUOZn9sQ8py8nQAuRR2Y0Mg5y9kgmlnZyj0N_Qb1jQinhE/s500/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="500" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_15Uxrw1DgAEonLB9O8smtSzN29JEPFNR3tuJMc3xPzwc-RtRgWUuRxa6RMDenEutD8PGBAlGZA0EWtnu50PL5vFhSIZlwlrZEDLg9H_v4t6-VHsT4Em5Z5IbTvvD_iK6vmjAP8WmTnYUOZn9sQ8py8nQAuRR2Y0Mg5y9kgmlnZyj0N_Qb1jQinhE/w435-h229/1.jpg" width="435" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-8897017198863715592022-05-21T07:59:00.002-07:002022-05-21T07:59:23.691-07:00Storytellers known as griotsIn the region of West Africa known as the western Sahel, legendary tales are shared and passed down through different forms of expression. <br /><br />A griot is a West African historian, storyteller, entertainer, praise singer, poet and they are trained to excel as orators, lyricists and musicians. The griot profession is hereditary and has long been a part of West African culture. <br /><br />The griot is often seen as a leader due to his or her position as an advisor to royal personages. As a result of the former of these two functions, he or she is sometimes called a bard. Born into their highly respected position, griots play an important role. As well as being storytellers, they are poets, historians, genealogists, and musicians. The griot keeps records of all the births, deaths, marriages through the generations of the village or family. <br /><br />The main job of the griot was to entertain the villagers with stories. They would tell mythical stories of the gods and spirits of the region. They would also tell stories of kings and famous heroes from past battles. <br /><br />Griots originated in the 13th century in the Mande empire of Mali. For centuries, they have told and retold the history of the empire, keeping their stories and traditions alive. They tell their stories to music, using instruments such as the ngoni, the kora or the balafon. And as such, have for centuries retold the history of the empire, thus keeping their history and traditions alive. <br /><br />Most griots were men, but women can also be griots. Women griots usually specialized in singing. Griots form an endogamous caste, meaning that most of them only marry fellow griots. They pass the tradition of storytelling along the familial line. Each aristocratic family of griots accompanied a higher-ranked family of warrior kings or emperors. <br /><br />The training for younger members born into a griot family is usually thorough spending years of listening and memorizing.<br /><b>Storytellers known as griots<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh3o_FCKe5A9PzOWt3Ye5lqIpqlgblg_SiRUd_5c8l5wwoodwhMnBghSnDDjyyQe1TbGCuQSRMtpulqLrozQhJUlb0TPPs8x57vcRYhThWbo3InWL0XoIKFLevRzgxw-YYoY5VL7Xepoz0IAo7Q8-Y4xSIgfPky7AGxkevo6H31TOquDiHMt8hhDCI/s390/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="236" height="572" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh3o_FCKe5A9PzOWt3Ye5lqIpqlgblg_SiRUd_5c8l5wwoodwhMnBghSnDDjyyQe1TbGCuQSRMtpulqLrozQhJUlb0TPPs8x57vcRYhThWbo3InWL0XoIKFLevRzgxw-YYoY5VL7Xepoz0IAo7Q8-Y4xSIgfPky7AGxkevo6H31TOquDiHMt8hhDCI/w347-h572/1.jpg" width="347" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-90830497341408378812022-03-28T21:01:00.000-07:002022-03-28T21:01:00.812-07:00MonotheismThere are more than 4,000 religions in the world. And while these beliefs vary widely, many of them can be generally categorized as forms of either monotheism or polytheism. <br /><br />Monotheism is the belief or doctrine that there is one—and only one—god or deity. which is to worship one god while denying the existence of other gods. In this case, monotheism is distinguished from polytheism, the belief in the existence of many gods, from atheism, the belief that there is no god, and from agnosticism, the belief that the existence or nonexistence of a god or of gods is unknown or unknowable. Groups in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt practiced some form of polytheism and monotheism. <br /><br /><i>Monotheism</i> comes from the combination of the Greek prefixes monos-, “alone” or “single,” and theo-, “god.” There are many words that come from the Greek base theo-: theology, polytheist, and atheism, to name a few. <br /><br />Many religions in the world are classified as monotheistic, and the preeminent examples are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The three religions trace their origins back to Abraham, who, in Genesis, had humanity’s first relationship with God after the failures of Noah’s flood and the Tower of Babel. Judaism and Christianity trace their tie to Abraham through his son Isaac, and Islam traces it through his son Ishmael. <br /><br />There are several ancient civilizations that were monotheistic. Zoroastrianism was the main monotheist religion in Persia. They believed in one god called Ahura Mazda. <br /><br />A person who believes in only one god can be called a monotheist. The adjective form, monotheistic, is typically used in terms like monotheistic religions and monotheistic beliefs.<br /><b>Monotheism<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGNkRpNYQo12ZEiSwnu51PAGK6TGiYPUymYoUzVWcaatkma7Y9bzH0ZIIY2T-E03r8g8zdRtiRpXaw-X6ZlsOls33VRhvnlZ_PQ1iEP8oarD8Cq2wAwxyVeTaLq8LxhWwbzy--CAZoylkIteR7TBXwZ3BPHRSRfpthL46hw9fO_4ZBo8qVCQOyt1U/s670/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="670" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGNkRpNYQo12ZEiSwnu51PAGK6TGiYPUymYoUzVWcaatkma7Y9bzH0ZIIY2T-E03r8g8zdRtiRpXaw-X6ZlsOls33VRhvnlZ_PQ1iEP8oarD8Cq2wAwxyVeTaLq8LxhWwbzy--CAZoylkIteR7TBXwZ3BPHRSRfpthL46hw9fO_4ZBo8qVCQOyt1U/w441-h325/1.jpg" width="441" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-60506249526326021942022-02-17T03:03:00.000-08:002022-02-17T03:03:20.911-08:00Miring ceremony of IbanIn Iban community, they often experience various problems, challenges and conflicts. They believe all problems must be resolved by doing miring ceremony to defuse problematic situations which occurred in their life. <br /><br />Miring is performed to give honour to their Gods (Petara), Holy Spirit (Orang Panggau & Bunsu Antu) and souls of their dead ancestors (Petara Aki-Ini) whom they invited to their various festivals. If the supernatural is not fed, they will not obtain the necessary kindness in which will cause disaster. <br /><br />In other words, miring is part of Iban’s folk belief system passed down from one generation to another. Miring also provides platform for community meeting where they could exchange views and share experience to achieve better life. <br /><br />Miring ceremony is normally performed during the Gawai Dayak or Iban Harvest Festival, however nowadays it is also being performed to welcome important guests. Items use in a miring ceremony are anchovies, sticky rice, tuak, rendai (puffed rice or pop rice), eggs, daun apong (tobacco leaf/wrapper), betel nut set and etc. <br /><br />The miring started with preparation of the food offering on a winnower with the food centreing around the number of nine such as nine hard boiled eggs and nine rice cakes. Around 6pm, the offering ceremony known as miring will take place, with ritual music; gendang rayah being performed beforehand. The feast chief will thank the gods for the good harvest, ask for guidance, blessings and long life as he sacrifices a cockerel. Dinner will then be served, while everyone talks and mingles awaiting for midnight. <br /><br />Miring ceremonies had to be performed with the utmost care. If it is done wrongly, it could incur bad luck and in some other cases it would bring bad dreams to those who were involved in it or bring about visions in the day time and night time.<br /><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">Miring ceremony of Iban<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_31aBfGJc7yj11tAPqEe4zm7TxMXTzan33iI2CevwJh36DJTpzzj772mmre9ZhcqB0tNd4SybUF_fENcyMs_FeADUUCbtxzry_I87q0m2YH5QBRRsSar0ax12aldCLD4lj-RDgDz6ixLA47hJrbdz9nCC1RMnZjHBVRi7tZhjoxrnnD5HwMbUYz85=s920" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="920" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_31aBfGJc7yj11tAPqEe4zm7TxMXTzan33iI2CevwJh36DJTpzzj772mmre9ZhcqB0tNd4SybUF_fENcyMs_FeADUUCbtxzry_I87q0m2YH5QBRRsSar0ax12aldCLD4lj-RDgDz6ixLA47hJrbdz9nCC1RMnZjHBVRi7tZhjoxrnnD5HwMbUYz85=w415-h324" width="415" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-70942047955892813082022-01-26T19:45:00.005-08:002022-01-26T19:45:53.639-08:00Bandwagon consumption behaviorBandwagon consumption refers the people’s desire to purchase a commodity so they can get into ‘the swim of things’ or to consumers following someone they are connected with. <br /><br />The word bandwagon effect refers to the behavior of an individual who follows a tendency which is created by the need or want of the large population. Bandwagon is first described by Leibenstein’s (1950) ‘consumer demand theory’. Leibenstein, describes consumers’ demand of goods and services on the basis of motivation; classified in two main categories: functional and nonfunctional. <br /><br />Bandwagon consumption behavior exists when consumers buy a certain product to associate <br /><br />themselves within a specific group, and moreover obtain recognition from their own group. The pattern deeply illustrates the phenomenon of collective consumption behavior which emulates the actions of others, and represents one’s social status, the belonging of a particular group, and conspicuous consumption. <br /><br />In marketing, the companies usually intend to sell maximum number of products to its consumers in order to yield maximum returns and maximum profits. To capture additional and unusual audiences for a new or improved item, it is very effective to convince the unexploited potential consumers that “everyone else” wants the product. A purchase decision can easily get affected by the rating of five stars from several reviewers. People are ready to spend a high amount of money to buy the fashion goods that others are buying. <br /><br />The consumer behavior literature highlights that people purchase products and brands not only from a utilitarian perspective but also for non-utilitarian reasons such as symbolism and increased status, while the concept is derived from conspicuous consumption. <br /><br />Thorstein Bunde Veblen discusses the consumption can be of two motives;<br />*Invidious comparison<br />*Pecuniary emulation. <br /><br />Invidious comparison means an individual of the upper class engage in more consumption to exclude him to be a part of low class whereas pecuniary emulation means an individual of the low class engages in more consumption to include him in the upper class.<br /><b>Bandwagon consumption behavior<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWMG1dq6YHD9v92a2StfTDMHG5DYCHPpuMcaL2Q_seFbcIxp7W3gBUCt7RAW8le7i_Ubr2twk-9UXfWykG9wMcKfTWo9QeyRZyOwuoL2FyfcEnrjk8SzNaeSdVBh3q3BMDAMNBIYZydFtE0PxoBxyZpd-nS85SRs5AbRCvJ3B6AqUhGuVL9rznrMxZ=s750" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="750" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWMG1dq6YHD9v92a2StfTDMHG5DYCHPpuMcaL2Q_seFbcIxp7W3gBUCt7RAW8le7i_Ubr2twk-9UXfWykG9wMcKfTWo9QeyRZyOwuoL2FyfcEnrjk8SzNaeSdVBh3q3BMDAMNBIYZydFtE0PxoBxyZpd-nS85SRs5AbRCvJ3B6AqUhGuVL9rznrMxZ=w474-h281" width="474" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3993947821124565878.post-60428977813949162202022-01-26T09:19:00.000-08:002022-01-26T09:20:09.073-08:00Alcoholic beverage of Tesgüino beerTesgüino is an alcoholic beverage (beer-like) based on germinated maize. The astringent maize based beer, homemade beer is an importance social beverage and drink during Easter week for Tarahumaras. <br /><br />The Tarahumara, or self-called Rarámuri, are one of the largest indigenous tribes in North America with nearly 100,000 people. The majority are concentrated in the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. The alcohol used by the Tarahumara is almost entirely in the form of Tesgüino.<br /><br />To prepared the maize are soaked, ground up, boiled and spiked with a local grass to help the mixture ferment.<br /><br />It is said that tesguino was given to the Indians by onoruame or Lata diosi (god) so that they could get their work done and that they might enjoy themselves. Whenever a jar of the beer is drunk, it must first be dedicated to Lata diosi by symbolically tossing three small gourdfuls dipped from a larger gourd towards each of the four directions. <br /><b>Alcoholic beverage of Tesgüino beer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiZq5kVahLB6c9rG6se3JYlhPyuAxuTye4dqZkyRe9vx_gAqYpbZpl7UxfA3gklOmbmukBi9YLlHUnI_JwpJxFRxnCI-5hV43KzyTpKVNzHR248OuSLVjMZbsXz0tj58LIOVLYil3t_dE5XWSPEsixXGHPLUMhHDL5ixF6-d6dXexuN7DZ5Atkq9UvV=s456" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="257" height="457" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiZq5kVahLB6c9rG6se3JYlhPyuAxuTye4dqZkyRe9vx_gAqYpbZpl7UxfA3gklOmbmukBi9YLlHUnI_JwpJxFRxnCI-5hV43KzyTpKVNzHR248OuSLVjMZbsXz0tj58LIOVLYil3t_dE5XWSPEsixXGHPLUMhHDL5ixF6-d6dXexuN7DZ5Atkq9UvV=w257-h457" width="257" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com